What works and for whom?

There is a growing recognition of the importance of effective employment instruments. However, knowledge on what works for whom is still limited, particularly for the most vulnerable groups . The purpose of this report is to summarise the literature on various employment instruments and their effectiveness among different groups of vulnerable individuals. The overall take aways from the report are: 1. The choice of employment instrument is a complex issue, due to barrier complexity 2. To foster sustainable employment a wide range of instruments is required 3. Despite intensive focus and academic research on how to increase the labour market participation among vulnerable groups, significant knowledge gaps still remain. We also have categorised and summarised the latest knowledge on the effectiveness of each labour market instrument, which can be found in the report.